Salvadora

Haryana’s vegetation is largely shaped by its semi-arid climate, low rainfall, and human interventions like agriculture and afforestation. Among the native tree species, Salvadora is considered a dominant and important species in the state, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Salvadora (Salvadora persica):

Adaptability to Haryana's Climate:
Salvadora thrives in semi-arid and dry regions, which are prevalent across much of Haryana. It is drought-resistant and can tolerate high salinity, making it suitable for the state's conditions.

Common Names:
Known as the "Toothbrush Tree" or "Piloo," Salvadora has multiple uses in traditional medicine and as a source of food and fodder.

Ecological Role:

• It prevents soil erosion in sandy areas, stabilizing the soil with its extensive root system.
• Salvadora provides shelter and food for wildlife, especially in dry and less fertile regions.

Economic Importance:

• The tree's berries are edible and sometimes used to make pickles.
• Its branches are used as natural toothbrushes (miswak) due to their antibacterial properties.

2. Why Not the Other Options?

a) Oak:
Oak trees are primarily found in hilly regions with cooler climates, such as Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Haryana's climate and soil do not support oak growth naturally.

c) Deodar:
Deodar (Cedrus deodara) is a coniferous tree that grows in higher altitudes and colder regions, such as the Himalayan foothills. It is not native to Haryana.

d) Mango:
Mango trees are common in orchards across Haryana, but they are cultivated rather than part of the dominant natural vegetation. Salvadora is a better representative of Haryana's native and dominant vegetation.

3. Haryana's Natural Vegetation Context:

Haryana's natural vegetation consists mostly of drought-resistant and spiny trees like Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Jand (Prosopis cineraria), and Salvadora. These species are adapted to the state's semi-arid conditions and play a significant ecological and economic role.

Conclusion:

Salvadora is a dominant tree species in Haryana due to its adaptability to arid conditions, ecological importance, and multiple uses. Unlike other species in the options, it is native and naturally suited to the state's environment.

Hence, Option B Is Correct.

Shisham

In Northern Haryana, Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) is commonly found along roads and canals due to its ecological and economic value. Here’s a detailed explanation:

1. Characteristics of Shisham:

• Deciduous Tree: Shisham is a medium to large deciduous tree that sheds its leaves annually, which makes it suitable for the varying climatic conditions of Haryana.
• Strong and Durable Wood: Its wood is known for being strong, durable, and resistant to termites, making it one of the most valuable timber trees in India.
• Deep Roots: Shisham has a deep-root system that stabilizes soil and prevents erosion, which is especially useful along canals and roadways.

2. Suitability in Northern Haryana:

• Climatic Conditions: The northern parts of Haryana experience relatively better water availability due to canal systems and a slightly more fertile soil profile. These conditions favor the growth of Shisham trees.
• Proximity to Canals: Shisham thrives in areas with moderate to high moisture levels, making canal-side plantations ideal.
• Roadside Plantations: Its shade and aesthetic appeal also make it a preferred choice for lining roads in the northern region.

3. Benefits of Shisham in Haryana:

• Timber Production: It is a valuable source of timber used in making furniture, tools, and other products.
• Environmental Role: Shisham trees contribute to improving air quality by absorbing pollutants. They also provide habitat and food for various bird and insect species.
• Resilience: The tree can tolerate a range of soil types and weather conditions, making it well-suited for Haryana's semi-arid to sub-humid environment.

Why Not the Other Options?

a) Kikar: While Kikar (Acacia nilotica) is common in Southern and Southwestern Haryana, it is less prominent in Northern Haryana along roads and canals.

c) Ber: Ber trees are generally found in drier and less fertile areas and are more common in fields or scrublands, not roadsides or canals.

d) Jand: Jand trees are native to desert regions and are more suited to the arid zones of Haryana, not the northern areas.

Conclusion:

Shisham's adaptability, economic value, and ecological benefits make it the preferred choice for plantations along roads and canals in Northern Haryana.

Hence, Option B Is Correct.

Soil conservation refers to the protection, preservation, and sustainable use of soil resources to prevent erosion, degradation, and fertility loss. The following measures are important for soil conservation:

Control on Overgrazing (Correct)

• Overgrazing removes vegetation cover, increasing soil erosion due to wind and water.
• Controlled grazing helps maintain soil structure and moisture retention.

Linear Plantation (Correct)

• Trees and shrubs are planted in rows (shelterbelts/windbreaks) to reduce wind erosion.
• Linear plantations prevent soil degradation and improve water retention.

Construction of Dams (Correct)

• Dams help reduce soil erosion by controlling water flow and preventing floods.
• They also help in sediment deposition, maintaining soil stability.

What is Soil Conservation?

Soil conservation refers to the practice of protecting soil from erosion or deterioration. It includes strategies to maintain soil health, reduce soil loss from water or wind erosion, and prevent soil degradation. The main goals are:

• Preventing soil erosion caused by wind, water, or human activities.
• Maintaining soil fertility by reducing the loss of nutrients and organic matter.
• Improving soil structure to make it more resilient and productive.
• Preventing desertification and land degradation.

 Hence Option D Is Correct.